Working with Metadata#
Metadata is information associated with entities that tskit doesn’t use or
interpret, but which is useful to pass on to downstream analysis such as sample ids,
dates etc. (see Metadata for a full discussion). Each
table has a MetadataSchema which details the
contents and encoding of the metadata for each row. A metadata schema is a JSON document
that conforms to JSON Schema
(The full schema for tskit is at Full metaschema). Here we use an
example tree sequence
which contains some demonstration metadata:
import tskit
import json
ts = tskit.load("data/metadata.trees")
Reading metadata and schemas#
Metadata is automatically decoded using the schema when accessed via a
TreeSequence or TableCollection Python API. For example:
print("Metadata for individual 0:", ts.individual(0).metadata) # Tree sequence access
print("Metadata for individual 0:", ts.tables.individuals[0].metadata) # Table access
Metadata for individual 0: {'accession': 'ERS0001', 'pcr': True}
Metadata for individual 0: {'accession': 'ERS0001', 'pcr': True}
Viewing the MetadataSchema for a table can help with understanding
its metadata, as it can contain descriptions and constraints:
ts.table_metadata_schemas.individual
{"additionalProperties":false,"codec":"json","properties":{"accession":{"description":"ENA accession number","type":"string"},"pcr":{"description":"Was PCR used on this sample","name":"PCR Used","type":"boolean"}},"required":["accession","pcr"],"type":"object"}
The same schema can be accessed via a metadata_schema attribute
on each table (printed prettily here using json.dumps)
schema = ts.tables.individuals.metadata_schema
print(json.dumps(schema.asdict(), indent=4)) # Print with indentations
{
"additionalProperties": false,
"codec": "json",
"properties": {
"accession": {
"description": "ENA accession number",
"type": "string"
},
"pcr": {
"description": "Was PCR used on this sample",
"name": "PCR Used",
"type": "boolean"
}
},
"required": [
"accession",
"pcr"
],
"type": "object"
}
The top-level metadata and schemas for the entire tree sequence are similarly
accessed with TreeSequence.metadata and TreeSequence.metadata_schema.
Note
If there is no schema (i.e. it is equal to MetadataSchema(None)) for a table
or top-level metadata, then no decoding is performed and bytes will be returned.
Modifying metadata and schemas#
If you are creating or modifying a tree sequence by changing the underlying tables, you may want to record or add to the metadata. If the change fits into the same schema, this is relatively simple, you can follow the description of minor table edits in the Tables and editing tutorial. However if it requires a change to the schema, this must be done first, as it is then used to validate and encode the metadata.
Schemas in tskit are held in a MetadataSchema.
A Python dict representation of the schema is passed to its constructor, which
will validate the schema. Here are a few examples: the first one allows arbitrary fields
to be added, the second one (which will construct the schema we printed above) does not:
basic_schema = tskit.MetadataSchema({'codec': 'json'})
complex_schema = tskit.MetadataSchema({
'codec': 'json',
'additionalProperties': False,
'properties': {'accession': {'description': 'ENA accession number',
'type': 'string'},
'pcr': {'description': 'Was PCR used on this sample',
'name': 'PCR Used',
'type': 'boolean'}},
'required': ['accession', 'pcr'],
'type': 'object',
})
This MetadataSchema can then be assigned to a table or the top-level
tree sequence e.g. metadata_schema:
tables = tskit.TableCollection(sequence_length=1) # make a new, empty set of tables
tables.individuals.metadata_schema = complex_schema
This will overwrite any existing schema. Note that this will not validate any existing
metadata against the new schema. Now that the table has a schema, calls to
add_row() will validate and encode the metadata:
row_id = tables.individuals.add_row(0, metadata={"accession": "Bob1234", "pcr": True})
print(f"Row {row_id} added to the individuals table")
Row 0 added to the individuals table
If we try to add metadata that doesn’t fit the schema, such as accidentally using a string instead of a proper Python boolean, we’ll get an error:
tables.individuals.add_row(0, metadata={"accession": "Bob1234", "pcr": "false"})
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValidationError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.10/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/tskit/metadata.py:693, in MetadataSchema.validate_and_encode_row(self, row)
692 try:
--> 693 self._validate_row(row)
694 except jsonschema.exceptions.ValidationError as ve:
File /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.10/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jsonschema/validators.py:432, in create.<locals>.Validator.validate(self, *args, **kwargs)
431 for error in self.iter_errors(*args, **kwargs):
--> 432 raise error
ValidationError: 'false' is not of type 'boolean'
Failed validating 'type' in schema['properties']['pcr']:
OrderedDict([('description', 'Was PCR used on this sample'),
('name', 'PCR Used'),
('type', 'boolean')])
On instance['pcr']:
'false'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
MetadataValidationError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[9], line 1
----> 1 tables.individuals.add_row(0, metadata={"accession": "Bob1234", "pcr": "false"})
File /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.10/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/tskit/tables.py:890, in IndividualTable.add_row(self, flags, location, parents, metadata)
888 if metadata is None:
889 metadata = self.metadata_schema.empty_value
--> 890 metadata = self.metadata_schema.validate_and_encode_row(metadata)
891 return self.ll_table.add_row(
892 flags=flags, location=location, parents=parents, metadata=metadata
893 )
File /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.10/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/tskit/metadata.py:695, in MetadataSchema.validate_and_encode_row(self, row)
693 self._validate_row(row)
694 except jsonschema.exceptions.ValidationError as ve:
--> 695 raise exceptions.MetadataValidationError(str(ve)) from ve
696 return self.encode_row(row)
MetadataValidationError: 'false' is not of type 'boolean'
Failed validating 'type' in schema['properties']['pcr']:
OrderedDict([('description', 'Was PCR used on this sample'),
('name', 'PCR Used'),
('type', 'boolean')])
On instance['pcr']:
'false'
and because we set additionalProperties to False in the schema, an error is
also raised if we attempt to add new fields:
tables.individuals.add_row(0, metadata={"accession": "Bob1234", "pcr": True, "newKey": 25})
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValidationError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.10/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/tskit/metadata.py:693, in MetadataSchema.validate_and_encode_row(self, row)
692 try:
--> 693 self._validate_row(row)
694 except jsonschema.exceptions.ValidationError as ve:
File /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.10/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jsonschema/validators.py:432, in create.<locals>.Validator.validate(self, *args, **kwargs)
431 for error in self.iter_errors(*args, **kwargs):
--> 432 raise error
ValidationError: Additional properties are not allowed ('newKey' was unexpected)
Failed validating 'additionalProperties' in schema:
OrderedDict([('additionalProperties', False),
('codec', 'json'),
('properties',
OrderedDict([('accession',
OrderedDict([('description',
'ENA accession number'),
('type', 'string')])),
('pcr',
OrderedDict([('description',
'Was PCR used on this '
'sample'),
('name', 'PCR Used'),
('type', 'boolean')]))])),
('required', ['accession', 'pcr']),
('type', 'object')])
On instance:
{'accession': 'Bob1234', 'newKey': 25, 'pcr': True}
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
MetadataValidationError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[10], line 1
----> 1 tables.individuals.add_row(0, metadata={"accession": "Bob1234", "pcr": True, "newKey": 25})
File /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.10/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/tskit/tables.py:890, in IndividualTable.add_row(self, flags, location, parents, metadata)
888 if metadata is None:
889 metadata = self.metadata_schema.empty_value
--> 890 metadata = self.metadata_schema.validate_and_encode_row(metadata)
891 return self.ll_table.add_row(
892 flags=flags, location=location, parents=parents, metadata=metadata
893 )
File /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.11.10/x64/lib/python3.11/site-packages/tskit/metadata.py:695, in MetadataSchema.validate_and_encode_row(self, row)
693 self._validate_row(row)
694 except jsonschema.exceptions.ValidationError as ve:
--> 695 raise exceptions.MetadataValidationError(str(ve)) from ve
696 return self.encode_row(row)
MetadataValidationError: Additional properties are not allowed ('newKey' was unexpected)
Failed validating 'additionalProperties' in schema:
OrderedDict([('additionalProperties', False),
('codec', 'json'),
('properties',
OrderedDict([('accession',
OrderedDict([('description',
'ENA accession number'),
('type', 'string')])),
('pcr',
OrderedDict([('description',
'Was PCR used on this '
'sample'),
('name', 'PCR Used'),
('type', 'boolean')]))])),
('required', ['accession', 'pcr']),
('type', 'object')])
On instance:
{'accession': 'Bob1234', 'newKey': 25, 'pcr': True}
To set the top-level metadata, just assign it. Validation and encoding happen as specified by the top-level metadata schema
tables.metadata_schema = basic_schema # Allows new fields to be added that are not validated
tables.metadata = {"mean_coverage": 200.5}
print(tables.metadata)
{'mean_coverage': 200.5}
Note
Provenance information, detailing the origin of the data, modification timestamps, and (ideally) how the tree sequence can be reconstructed, should go in Provenance, not metadata.
To modify a schema — for example to add a key — first get the dict representation, modify, then write back:
schema_dict = tables.individuals.metadata_schema.schema
schema_dict["properties"]["newKey"] = {"type": "integer"}
tables.individuals.metadata_schema = tskit.MetadataSchema(schema_dict)
# Now this will work:
new_id = tables.individuals.add_row(metadata={'accession': 'abc123', 'pcr': False, 'newKey': 25})
print(tables.individuals[new_id].metadata)
{'accession': 'abc123', 'newKey': 25, 'pcr': False}
To modify the metadata of rows in tables use the Metadata for bulk table methods.
Viewing raw metadata#
If you need to see the raw (i.e. bytes) metadata, you just need to remove the schema, for instance:
individual_table = tables.individuals.copy() # don't change the original tables.individual
print("Metadata:\n", individual_table[0].metadata)
individual_table.metadata_schema = tskit.MetadataSchema(None)
print("\nRaw metadata:\n", individual_table[0].metadata)
Metadata:
{'accession': 'Bob1234', 'pcr': True}
Raw metadata:
b'{"accession":"Bob1234","pcr":true}'
Metadata for bulk table methods#
In the interests of efficiency each table’s packset_metadata() method,
as well as the more general set_columns() and
append_columns() methods, do not attempt to validate or encode metadata.
You can call MetadataSchema.validate_and_encode_row() directly to prepare metadata
for these methods:
metadata_column = [
{"accession": "etho1234", "pcr": True},
{"accession": "richard1235", "pcr": False},
{"accession": "albert1236", "pcr": True},
]
encoded_metadata_column = [
tables.individuals.metadata_schema.validate_and_encode_row(r) for r in metadata_column
]
md, md_offset = tskit.pack_bytes(encoded_metadata_column)
tables.individuals.set_columns(flags=[0, 0, 0], metadata=md, metadata_offset=md_offset)
tables.individuals
| id | flags | location | parents | metadata |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | {'accession': 'etho1234', 'pcr': True} | ||
| 1 | 0 | {'accession': 'richard1235', 'pcr': F... | ||
| 2 | 0 | {'accession': 'albert1236', 'pcr': True} |
Or if all columns do not need to be set:
tables.individuals.packset_metadata(
[tables.individuals.metadata_schema.validate_and_encode_row(r) for r in metadata_column]
)
Binary metadata#
To disable the validation and encoding of metadata and store raw bytes pass None to
MetadataSchema
tables.populations.metadata_schema = tskit.MetadataSchema(None)
tables.populations.add_row(metadata=b"SOME CUSTOM BYTES #!@")
print(tables.populations[0].metadata)
b'SOME CUSTOM BYTES #!@'